ABSTRACT The northwestern part of the Acre State (Brazil) possesses singular soils in Brazilian Amazonia, but have been very little studied. This study aimed to discuss the genesis and some micropedological aspects of the soils from Serra do Divisor and adjacent floodplain soils of the Moa river, to enhance the knowledge on their formation. A toposequence of soils ranging from the uppermost part of sub-Andean Serra do Divisor to the Alluvial soils of Moa river floodplain was studied, regarding chemical, physical, mineralogical, and micromorphological attributes. The parent material of the Serra do Divisor is basically quartzose sandstone, and the soils along the toposequence were classified as Typic Haplorthods (P1), Spodic Quartzipsamment (P2), Lithic Quartzipsamment (P3), and Lithic Quartzipsamment (P4). Along the Moa river floodplain, we also identified and collected, Typic Udifluvent (P5), Typic Kandiudult (P6), Typic Kandiudalf (P7), and Arenic Plinthic Kandiudult (P8). The Serra do Divisor soils have very low fertility, high acidity, and low cation exchange capacities, presenting a coarse sandy texture, even shallow pedons. The X-ray diffraction analysis of these soils indicates the predominance of kaolinite, with traces of quartz and gibbsite. The shallow mountain Podzols on sandstone have an expressive accumulation of organic material in surface horizons, with evidence of ferrihydrite and imogolite in the subsurface. At the Moa river floodplain, all soils are originated from recent sediments (Cenozoic), which have a geological source upstream. Varying sedimentary layers are key aspects influencing soil genesis. Those soils have evidence of 2:1 clays with hydroxyl-Al interlayers in subsurface horizons. The Serra do Divisor steep landforms and the coarse texture of the soils promote good drainage and favor leaching and chemical impoverishment. Kaolinite and gibbsite were formed by severe leaching and there are evidences of in situ neoformation of gibbsite by extreme Si losses. All studied soils have some peculiarities such as high accumulation of organic material or 2:1 clay minerals. Most investigated soils were affected by colluvial, reworking, mass movements or a strong variation on sedimentation.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar a capacidade máxima de adsorção de As(V) na forma de HAsO42- (CMAAs) pela fração argila de solos em diferentes ambientes nas Penínsulas Keller e Barton, Ilha Rei George, Antártica Marítima. Foram realizadas análises química e granulométrica na terra fina seca ao ar, e na fração argila quantificou-se o material amorfo e a CMAAs. Os dados das análises químicas, granulometrica e da fração argila foram correlacionados com a CMAAs. A CMAAs foi baixa (3.554 mg kg-1), sendo o perfil com influência ornitogênica de pinguins o que apresentou os maiores valores. O pH básico das soluções de saturação não favoreceu a adsorção da espécie desprotonada HAsO42-. A quantidade de argila dos solos foi menos importante que a composição mineralógica na dinâmica de retenção de HAsO42-, sendo que os óxidos de Al e Fe amorfos foram os principais responsáveis pela adsorção desse poluente.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the maximum capacity for the adsorption of As(V) in the form of HAsO42- (MACAs) by the clay fraction of soils in different environments of the Keller and Barton Peninsulas, King George Island, Maritime Antarctic. Chemical and particle size analyses were carried out on air-dried fine earth. The amorphous material and MACAs in the clay fraction were quantified. Data from the chemical analysis, particle size analysis and clay fraction were correlated with the MACAs. The MACAs was low (3,554 mg kg-1), with the profile under the ornithological influence of penguins displaying the highest values. The basic pH of the saturated solutions did not favour the adsorption of the deprotonated HAsO42- species. The amount of clay in the soil was less important than the mineralogical composition in the dynamics of HAsO42- retention, with the amorphous oxides of Al and Fe being mainly responsible for the adsorption of the pollutant.

ABSTRACT Quilombolas are Afro-brazilian rural peasants who descended from escaped slaves who tried to carve out territories of autonomy (called Quilombos) by collective organization and resistance. Despite many anthropological and ethnopedological studies, little research has been carried out to identify the agricultural practices and the knowledge of people who live in the Quilombos (Quilombolas). Peasant communities who live from land resources have wide empirical knowledge related to local soils and landscapes. In this respect, ethnopedology focuses on their relationship with local practices, needs, and values. We carried out an ethnopedological evaluation of the soils, landscape and land suitability of the Malhada Grande Quilombola Territory, aiming to examine the local criteria involved in land-use decision making, and evaluate the legitimacy of local knowledge. For this purpose, participatory workshops allowed environmental stratification of the Quilombolas into landscape units, recognition of soil types, and evaluation of land-use criteria. This approach was combined with conventional soil sampling, description, and analysis. The Brazilian System of Soil Classification and its approximations to the WRB/FAO system and the SAAT land evaluation system were compared with the local classificatory systems, showing several convergences. The Quilombolas stratified the local environment into eight landscape units (based on soil, topography, and vegetation) and identified eight soil types with distinct morphological, chemical, and physical attributes. The conventional soil survey identified thirteen soil classes, in the same eight landscape units, organized as soil associations. The apparent contradictions between local knowledge and Pedology were relative since the classification systems were established based on different criteria, goals, and sampling references. Most soils are only suitable for pasture, with restricted agricultural use, due to water or oxygen deficiencies. The current land use was only inconsistent with the technical recommendations when socioecological constraints such as the semiarid climate, land availability, and economic conditions for land management led to overuse of the land. Local knowledge demonstrated its legitimacy and allowed a useful and fruitful exchange of information with the academic view of soil-landscape interplays. Although mostly unknown by the scientific community, local knowledge proved capable of achieving social welfare and food security. In addition, a participatory survey proved to be a core factor for more grounded and detailed data collection on how Quilombolas decide land use on a local scale.

As Campinaranas são ecossistemas arenícolas de grande extensão na Amazônia brasileira, determinantes para os grandes sistemas de rios de águas pretas. Em vista da carência de estudos nestes ecossistemas, este trabalho teve como objetivos gerais estudar a distribuição das Campinaranas e suas relações com os solos predominantes e sua geologia na porção ocidental da Amazônia brasileira. Foram utilizados dados geográficos da vegetação, geologia e solos, além dos dados analíticos dos perfis de solos coletados pelo Projeto RADAMBRASIL, atualizados e sistematizados pelo IBGE, somados a perfis de referência coletados no Parque Nacional do Viruá, Roraima. De modo geral, os solos das Campinaranas são predominantemente arenosos, desenvolvidos sobre materiais de origem de natureza arenoquartzosa. Do cruzamento dos dados geológicos com áreas dominadas por Campinaranas, tem-se um predomínio das formações sedimentares recentes (Quaternário), constituídas principalmente de materiais arenosos. A partir da análise dos dados, sugere-se um limite mínimo de 55 dag kg-1 de areia nos solos para a ocorrência das Campinaranas. Os solos mais argilosos são reportados apenas para as áreas ecotonais Florestas - Campinaranas, marginais aos corpos arenosos. Verifica-se predomínio absoluto dos Espodossolos e Neossolos Quartzarênicos nas Campinaranas. Mesmo em diferentes formações geológicas e com processos pedogenéticos distintos, estes solos possuem características morfológicas, químicas e físicas muito semelhantes. Apesar da diversidade pedológica das áreas ecotonais, os solos encontrados guardam semelhanças com os solos das Campinaranas.

"Campinaranas" are sandy ecosystems of great extension in the Brazilian Amazon, and are determinant for the great systems of rivers with black waters. Due to the lack of studies on this ecosystem, the objective of the present work was to study the distribution of "Campinaranas" and their relationship with the predominant soils and geology in the western portion of the Brazilian Amazon. We used geographic data of vegetation, geology and soils, and analytical data of the soil profiles collected by the RADAMBRASIL project, updated and systematized by IBGE, and data from reference profiles collected in the National Park of Viruá, Roraima. In general, the soils of "Campinaranas" are predominantly sandy, developed on parent materials rich in quartz. The overlaying of geological data with areas dominated by "Campinaranas", reveals the prevalence of recent sedimentary formations (Quaternary), constituted mainly of sandy materials. Based on the studied dataset, we suggest a minimum limit of 55 dag kg-1 of sand in the soils for the occurrence of "Campinaranas". Soils with higher clay content are present only in Forest-Campinaranas transitions, adjacent to the sandy deposits. It is verified the absolute prevalence of Spodosols and Psamments in "Campinaranas". Even in different geological formations and under distinct pedogenetic processes, these soils possess similar morphological, chemical and physical properties. In spite of the pedological diversity found in the transitional areas, the soils keep similarities with the soils of "Campinaranas".

RESUMO O Parque Nacional (PARNA) do Viruá ocupa 227.011 ha., na região do baixo Rio Branco, Roraima. A região compreende um extenso mosaico de ambientes complexos inundáveis, florestais e não florestais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral detalhar os aspectos pedológicos e geoambientais do Parque e entorno, em uma visão integrada da paisagem e, além disso, estimar o estoque de carbono nos solos e geoambientes. Foram descritos e coletados 29 perfis de solos nas principais fitofisionomias de Campinaranas e Florestas do Parque e entorno. Destacaram-se os seguintes: Espodossolo Humilúvico, Neossolo Quartzarênico, Neossolo Flúvico, Neossolo Litólicos, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho, Cambissolo Háplico, Cambissolo Flúvico, Gleissolo Háplico e Plintossolo Háplico. Os solos apresentaram distribuição espacial com limites abruptos e com forte associação entre as fitofisionomias. Foram agrupados em três pedoambientes: (1) solos arenosos das campinaranas, (2) solos associados aos inselbergs e adjacências e (3) solos aluviais. Foram mapeadas e descritas 18 unidades geoambientais no Parque e entorno. Os geoambientes predominantes no Parque foram: Planícies Arenosas e Paleodunas com Campinarana Graminosa e Arbustiva em Neossolos Quartzarênicos hidromórficos e Espodossolos; e Planícies de Inundação e Terraços com Floresta de Igapó sobre solos hidromórficos arenosos, com respectivamente 24,6 % e 20,1 % da área estudada. Em termos de estoque total de carbono nos solos, destacaram-se os geoambientes dos complexos arenosos das Campinaranas e associações, com 9450,9 Gg C. A grande extensão e representatividade dos complexos arenosos das Campinaranas fazem do PARNA Viruá uma Unidade de Conservação de proteção integral com forte vocação para preservação e conservação de sistemas arenícolas amazônicos. As áreas sob o domínio de Espodossolos possuem os maiores estoques de carbono orgânico e os complexos arenosos das Campinaranas e associações representam os geoambientes mais relevantes na prestação de serviços ambientais de conservação do carbono nos solos.

ABSTRACT The Viruá National Park (PARNA Viruá) occupies 227.011 ha, in the region of the low 'Branco' river, in Roraima state. This area includes an extensive mosaic of complex seasonally flooded forested and non- forested environments. The present work aimed to characterize pedological aspects and identify the geo- environmental units of the Park and surroundings, in an integrated vision of the landscape and,additionally, estimate the carbon stocks in soils and geo-environments. We described and collected 29 soil profiles according with the main vegetation types of Campinaranas and Forests of PARNA Viruá and surroundings. The main soil classes are: Espodossolo Humilúvico, Neossolo Quartzarênico, Neossolo Flúvico, Neossolo Litólicos, Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho, Cambissolo Háplico, Cambissolo Flúvico, Gleissolo Háplico and Plintossolo Háplico. The soils present an spatial distribution marked by abrupt limits and close association with the vegetation type. We identified three pedo-environments: (1) sandy soils of the Campinaranas; (2) soils associated with the inselbergs and adjacencies; and (3) alluvial soils. We mapped and described 18 geoenvironmental units in PARNA Viruá National Park and surroundings. The main geo- environments are: i) Sandy plains and Paleodunes with grassy and arborous Campinarana on 'Neossolos Quartzarênicos hidromórficos' and 'Espodossolos'; and Floodplains and; ii) Terraces with Igapó Forest on sandy hydromorphic soils, occupying 24.6 % and 20.1 % of the studied area, respectively. In terms of total soil carbon stocks, the geo-environments of the sandy complex of Campinaranas and associations stand out, with 9450.9 Gg C. The great extension and representativeness of the sandy areas of Campinaranas characterize PARNA Viruá Park as an important conservation unit for protecting Amazonian sandy soil systems. The areas under the domain of 'Espodossolos' possess the largest stocks of organic carbon and the sandy areas of Campinaranas and associations represent the most relevant geo-environment in terms of Park protecting environmental services and conservation of carbon in soils.

A atividade da avifauna nos ecossistemas terrestres imprime profundas alterações químicas e mineralógicas nos substratos minerais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é investigar os impactos da atividade da avifauna na evolução da paisagem do arquipélago de Abrolhos através do estudo da distribuição espacial dos solos e suas características químicas, com ênfase na fosfatização. Foram estudados dez perfis de solos representativos das principais unidades de paisagem do arquipélago. Com base em observação de campo e interpretação de carta náutica da Marinha do Brasil (n. 1311), em escala 1:100.000, foi produzido o mapa de solos das ilhas. A presença generalizada de solos fortemente ornitogênicos, em áreas sem nidificação atual ou com fraca nidificação, indica uma ocupação pretérita por aves bem mais ampla que a atual. Alguns solos estudados em Abrolhos são de difícil classificação e refletem influência marcante da avifauna, atual ou pretérita.

The activity of the avifauna on terrestrial ecosystems results in the intense chemical and mineralogical alteration of mineral substrates. The objective of the present work is to investigate the impact of the avifauna on landscape evolution at the Abrolhos Archipelago, based on soils chemical characteristics and spatial distribution. A total of 10 soil profiles are described and analyzed, representing the main landscape units present in the Archipelago. Based on careful field observation and interpretation made on the existing nautical map (n.1311), produced by the Brazilian Navy (scale 1:100.000), detailed soil maps were produced. The widespread occurrence of strongly ornithogenic soils in areas without current nesting activity indicates a much broader occupation by birds in the past. Some of the studied soils are of difficult classification, and reflect the marked influence of present-day and past avifauna activity.

No Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, a deposição de excrementos da avifauna foi responsável pela fosfatização de suas rochas. Como feição mais característica, formaram-se crostas fosfáticas. Com base em metodologias pertinentes ao trabalho de campo (observação, descrição e coleta) e de laboratório (análises geoquímicas, mineralógicas e microscópicas), esse trabalho buscou caracterizar tais crostas e compreender suas implicações geomorfológicas e paleogeográficas. As crostas foram definidas como feições de acumulação de excrementos, ricos em fósforo, mineralizados sobre rochas homogêneas (peridotitos milonitizados). Depois de formadas, o comportamento hidrofóbico de tais crostas protegeu as rochas contra o avanço acelerado do perfil de alteração e da atuação de processos erosivos, tornando as encostas em que são encontradas mais íngremes e convexizadas. Ao contrário, onde a formação da crosta não foi verificada, as encostas encontram-se concavizadas e a rocha mais profundamente alterada. A presença de tais crostas também indica a existência de ambientes áridos pretéritos, diferentes das condições climáticas atuais, onde foi possível a acumulação do guano sobre a superfície.

In the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, deposition of bird excrements has been responsible for rock phosphatization, generating phosphatized crusts. This study describes these crusts and establishes their geomorphological and paleogeografical implications, based on methodologies such as field observation, description and sampling, as well as, laboratorial analyses (geochemical, mineralogical and microscopic). The crusts were defined as features of excrement accumulation, with high P content and mineralized surfaces over homogeneous rocks (milonitizaded peridotites). The hydrophobic behavior of these crusts protects the underlying rock against the accelerated advance of chemical weathering and, consequently, the role of erosion processes, developing steeper and more convex slopes. In contrast, at sites in which the formation of the crust has not been verified, the rock is more weathered and the slopes more concave. The presence of these crusts also indicates an arid paleo-environment, where guano accumulation was possible, differently from present-day climate conditions.

A falta de estudos básicos necessários para o plano de manejo vem retardando a implementação efetiva de diversas Unidades de Conservação na região amazônica. Neste trabalho, interpretações de imagens orbitais e semiorbitais aliadas a trabalhos de campo foram utilizadas para a caracterização geoambiental da Floresta Nacional (FLONA) do Purus. Através da geração de mapas temáticos, criou-se uma base digital georreferenciada que constitui a primeira plataforma para o SIG da FLONA. Foram identificados quatro geoambientes principais: Platôs Dissecados com Mata sobre Latossolos e Argissolos; Encostas e Rampas com Mata sobre Argissolos; Planícies Aluviais Eutróficas com Neossolos Flúvicos e Gleissolos; e Planícies Aluviais Distróficas com Gleissolos. Os aluviões holocênicos na área sob influência do rio Purus são ricos em nutrientes (eutróficos), com influência de sedimentos subandinos. Em contraste, a maior parte da FLONA possui solos extremamente ácidos e pobres em nutrientes (distróficos), formados a partir do intemperismo de sedimentos da Formação Solimões. O manejo dessas áreas deve visar ao incremento do aporte de biomassa na superfície dos solos, aumentando a eficiência da ciclagem de nutrientes pela vegetação, já que a reserva química natural é extremamente baixa.

The lack of basic studies for the elaboration of management plans has delayed the effective implementation of conservation units in the Amazon region. In this work, the interpretation of orbital and sub-orbital images, together with field surveys were used for the geoenvironmental characterization of the Purus National Forest (PNF). A georreferenced digital database composed of thematic maps was produced and constitutes the base of a GIS for the PNF. Four geoenvironments were identified and mapped: Dissecated Plateaux with forest vegetation on Latosols and Argisols; Forested slopes on Argisols; Alluvial plains with eutric soils; Alluvial plains with dystric soils. The holocenic alluviums influenced by the Purus River are eutric, and receive sub-Andenean sediments. On the other hand, most of the PNF has extremely poor and acid soils related to the Solimões Formation. Since the nutrient levels in the mineral substrate are very low, the management of these areas should seek the increment of biomass in the system, which would enhance nutrient cycling by the vegetation since the nutrient levels in the mineral substrate are very low.